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Linux is an incredibly powerful operating system favored by developers, system administrators, and tech enthusiasts alike. Whether you're just starting your journey with Linux or looking to refresh your knowledge, understanding basic Linux commands is essential for navigating the command line interface (CLI) efficiently. In this beginner's guide, we'll introduce you to some fundamental Linux commands that will help you get started and feel more comfortable in the terminal.

Accessing the Terminal:

Before we dive into the commands, let's briefly discuss how to access the terminal on different Linux distributions:

-GNOME (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian): Press Ctrl + Alt + T to open the terminal.

-KDE (Kubuntu): Press Alt + F2, type konsole, and press Enter.

-Command Line Interface (CLI) Only (Arch Linux, CentOS): You're already in the terminal!

Basic Navigation:

cd (Change Directory): Use cd followed by the name of the directory to navigate to that directory. For example:

cd Documents 

ls (List Files): Use ls to list the files and directories in the current directory.

ls 

pwd (Print Working Directory): Use pwd to display the full path of the current directory.

pwd 

File Management:

mkdir (Make Directory): Use mkdir followed by the name of the directory to create a new directory.

mkdir my_directory 

touch: Use touch followed by the name of the file to create a new empty file.

touch my_file.txt 

cp (Copy): Use cp followed by the source file and destination to copy files.

cp source_file.txt destination_directory/ 

mv (Move/Rename): Use mv followed by the source and destination to move or rename files.

mv old_name.txt new_name.txt 

rm (Remove): Use rm followed by the file name to delete files. Be careful as this action is irreversible.

rm unwanted_file.txt 

Working with Text:

cat (Concatenate): Use cat followed by the file name to display the contents of a file.

cat my_file.txt 

nano or vim (Text Editors): Use nano or vim followed by the file name to edit a file in the terminal.

nano my_file.txt 

grep (Global Regular Expression Print): Use grep followed by a search term and file name to search for a specific pattern in a file.

grep "pattern" my_file.txt 

System Information:

uname (Unix Name): Use uname to display system information.

uname -a 

df (Disk Free): Use df to display disk space usage.

df -h 

top or htop (Process Monitoring): Use top or htop to display real-time system resource usage.

top 

Conclusion:

Mastering basic Linux commands is the first step toward becoming proficient in using the Linux command line interface. In this guide, we've covered some essential commands for navigation, file management, working with text, and obtaining system information. As you continue to explore Linux, you'll discover a vast array of commands and utilities that can help you streamline your workflow and accomplish a wide range of tasks from the terminal. Happy command line exploring!

Today’s digital transformation has significantly empowered every company to produce accurate information at all touch points. Whether it’s a large-scale enterprise or a small private venture, every organization irrespective of all sizes needs proper web app development services to build a sophisticated database for storing and managing its data. Examples of web applications include customer relationship management (CRM) systems, project management tools, and e-commerce platforms. These custom software developers play a crucial role in tailoring web applications to meet specific business needs, ensuring seamless integration and optimal functionality.

A database is a set of a vast range of structured & unstructured data stored in a system and adequately managed through DBMS or Database Management System. The data stored in the database is highly sensitive, hence companies need to be careful while accessing any data or information.

When considering the development of web applications, partnering with a reputable web development firm is essential to ensure the seamless integration and efficient management of databases. A skilled web development firm possesses the expertise to optimize database systems, enhancing data organization, security, and retrieval processes for an enhanced user experience. In this article, we will delve into the top database solutions for web applications in 2024 and explore the advantages they bring to the forefront of modern software development.

Types of Databases For Web Applications

Depending on your business model, industry domain, and other factors, your business application system will have certain requirements. Different databases types are used for different enterprise requirements. However, the database is technically divided into two types: SQL & NoSQL.

SQL or Structured Query Language is a relational database that comes with a relational structure. This is used for managing structured data only. On the other hand, the NoSQL database doesn’t have any relational structure & they are used to store unstructured data types. For your convenience, we have shared a complete comparison of both databases below.

SQL Databases
NoSQL Databases
Mix of proprietary & open-source
Open source database
Comes with rational structure
No rational structure
Ideal for managing structured data
Best for storing unstructured & semi-structured data
Vertically scalable
Horizontally scalable
Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc
Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Firebase, etc

Enterprises have deeply relied on SQL to manage all their databases in web apps, but as cloud, microservices & distributed applications become popular, there are NoSQL options also available. Before you choose the right database, you must consider a number of factors such as size, structure & scalability requirements. Apart from that, you need to consider some of the following questions also:
* What type of data structure do you need?
* What is the amount of data you want to store?
* What is your total budget?
* Does it allow for support contracts & software licenses?
* What is the requirement for your data security?
* What third-party tools do you want to add to your database?

Best Databases For Web Applications In 2024

Finding out the right database option for a web app development may impact the scalability and success of any project. With too many options available, it’s quite challenging to select which one is the best for you. 2024’s widely-popular databases include:

1. MySQL:

MySQL is one of the best open-source relational databases developed by Oracle Corporation in 1995. According to the Stack Overflow developer survey, this database was used by 46.8% as of 2022. The robustness, maturity, and stability of this database make it perfect for web applications. Moreover, MySQL database uses a structured language & written in C & C++.
Latest version: MySQL 8.0.33

Key features of MySQL database include:
* Easy to deploy & manage
* It supports Consistency, Atomicity, Isolation & Durability
* It’s an RDBMS or Relational Database Management System
* Provides fast-loading utilities with several memory caches to maintain servers
* Offers top-notch results without compromising any functionality
* Contains solid Data Security layers to offer complete security solutions

2. PostgreSQL:

Launched in 1996, PostgreSQL is also a very popular database used as a data warehouse or primary data store for web, analytics, geospatial and mobile applications. This is also an open-source SQL-based RDBMS (relational database management system) that supports C, C++, C#, Ruby, Java, Python, and other programming languages. This agile database is compatible with different OSs such as Windows, Linux, Unix, MacOSX, etc.
Latest version: PostgreSQL 15.3

Key features of the PostgreSQL database include
* Houses different constraints such as primary keys, foreign keys, exclusion constraints, explicit locks, advisory locks, etc
* Supports different SQL features like SQL Sub-selects, Multi-Version Concurrency Control,
* Streaming Replication, complex queries, etc.
* Compatible with different data types like Structured, Customizations, Primitives, Geometry & Documents.
* Supports MVCC or multi-version concurrency control

3. Microsoft SQL Server:

Launched in 1989, Microsoft SQL Server is a powerful RDBMS used for transaction processing, analytics applications, and business intelligence in IT environments. It comes with built-in intelligence & enables businesses to boost their performance, security, and availability seamlessly. MS SQL Server comes in different editions with authentication & security features.
Latest version: Microsoft SQL Server 2022

Key features of the Microsoft SQL Server database include:
* Available on both Linux & Windows platforms
* Supports semi-structured, structured, and spatial data
* It has a custom-built graphical integration
* Helps users build different designs and tables without syntax
* Comes with several features for protection, monitoring, and data classification
* Gives alerts on security gaps, misconfigurations & suspicious activities

4. MongoDB:

MongoDB is a document-oriented open-source NoSQL database used for high-volume data storage. Written in JavaScript, C++, and Python, this is a very flexible and scalable database platform that removes relational DB approaches. MongoDB offers a high level of flexibility through load balancing and horizontal scaling capacities. This is a perfect option for web apps that need high performance.
Latest version: MongoDB 6.0.5

Key features of the MongoDB database include:
* Effectively supports ad hoc queries
* Highly scalable & flexible database
* Offers schema-less database
* Appropriate indexing for query executions
* Replication for data availability & stability

5. Oracle:

Oracle is a very popular RDBMS that is known for its high-performance and cost-optimization solutions. This is a commercial relational database written in C, C++ & Java. Oracle comes with a relational database architecture that offers an easy, scalable, performant solution for accessing, defining, and managing data.
Latest version: Oracle 21c

Key features of the Oracle database include:
* Executes fast backup & recovery
* Provides multiple database support
* Offers superior scalability
* Offers better user controls and identity management
* Utilizes a single database for every data type

6. Redis:

Redis stands for Remote Dictionary Server and is a widely-used open-source database used for web applications and cache management. Redis can also be used with different streaming solutions like Amazon Kinesis & Apache Kafka to analyze & process real-time data.

This database also supports different data structures like lists, streams, bitmaps, strings, maps, and so on. Because of its high performance, Redis is vastly used in many sectors such as IoT, Gaming, Financial Services, etc.
Latest version: Redis 7.0.11

Key features of the Redis database include:
* Provides premium speed with improved caching & in-memory capabilities.
* Supports a variety of data structures (strings, hashes, lists, bitmaps, HyperLogLogs, etc)
* Compatible with different languages (Java, PHP, Python, C, C#, C++, etc)
* Offers quick access to data for training, deploying, and developing applications

7. Cassandra:

Released in 2008, Cassandra is a distributed open-source NoSQL database that effectively manages vast amounts of data. It provides excellent scalability that supports multi-datacenter replication and automatic data replication. Cassandra database is ideal for applications that need prompt data access with high performance.
Latest version: Cassandra 4.1.0

Key features of the Cassandra database include:
* Easy to scale
* Highly scalable & comes with strong architecture
* Offers flexibility for data distribution
* Faster linear-scale performance
* Very flexible data storage
* Supports properties like Consistency, Atomicity, Isolation, and Durability

How Much Does The Web Application Database Cost?

In general, the average web app development cost ranges from $5,000 to $100,000. However, this cost depends on too many parameters like web app database complexity, features & functionalities, backend infrastructure, etc.

If you want to get a proper estimation of your web database application cost, you can take advantage of a web app cost calculator. For your convenience, we have listed the average web application development costs based on their categories.
Factors
Basic Web Apps
Medium Apps
Complex Apps
Highly Complex Apps
Estimated cost
$3,000 to $15,000
$15,000 to $60,000
$60,000 to $2,50,000
More than $250,000
Timeline
    . to 5 weeks
    . to 20 weeks
    . to 25 weeks
More than 9 months
Features
Simple landing page
Static content
Landing page
Database integration
Admin panel
User accounts
Online payment options
Third-party integrations
Landing page
Huge database integration
Admin panel
Multipleuser accounts
Online Payment options
Third-party integrations
Personalized features
Landing page
Top-notch database integration
Admin panel
Customized features
Examples
Online brochures
Portfolio
websites
MVP
Web portals
E-commerce websites
Online gaming sites with animation
Web applications for businesses
Automated billing systems
Human resources management system (HRMS)
Complex ecommerce websites
Custom web apps
On-demand web apps
App for complex businesses
High-end features with AI/ML integration
Custom web apps

Final Words

In the past, the process of selecting a database web application was straightforward. However, in this modern era of software development, this process has become very intrinsic as too many options are available today and the business requirements have also transformed.

For a business that works with small apps, NoSQL databases like MongoDB can be the best choice & for managing large & complex applications, databases like MySQL, MS SQL Server, and PostgreSQL can be the right choice. Would you like to know more about web applications with databases? Talk to our experts today.

Are you looking to dive into the world of relational databases but feeling overwhelmed by the options available? MariaDB might just be the perfect starting point for you. In this beginner's guide, we'll introduce you to MariaDB, an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that's renowned for its ease of use, scalability, and robust performance. Whether you're a budding developer, a small business owner, or just curious about databases, this guide will walk you through the basics of MariaDB and get you started on your database journey.

What is MariaDB?

MariaDB is a community-developed, open-source RDBMS that was forked from MySQL in 2009. It's designed to be a drop-in replacement for MySQL, meaning that most MySQL features and commands work seamlessly with MariaDB. This makes it an attractive option for those already familiar with MySQL or looking to migrate from it.

Features of MariaDB:
   

. Open-Source: MariaDB is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), making it freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute.
   
. High Performance: MariaDB is optimized for high performance, thanks to its efficient storage engines, query optimizer, and multi-threaded architecture.
   
. Scalability: Whether you're running a small-scale application or managing large-scale deployments, MariaDB can scale to meet your needs.
   
. Security: MariaDB takes security seriously, offering features such as encryption, role-based access control, and secure connections to ensure your data remains safe.
   
. Compatibility: As mentioned earlier, MariaDB strives to maintain compatibility with MySQL, which means you can easily migrate existing MySQL databases to MariaDB with minimal hassle.

Getting Started:

Installation:

Getting started with MariaDB is straightforward. You can install it on various operating systems, including Linux, Windows, and macOS. Here's a basic overview of the installation process:

-Linux: Most Linux distributions offer MariaDB in their official repositories. You can install it using your package manager. For example, on Ubuntu, you can run sudo apt-get install mariadb-server.

-Windows/macOS: MariaDB provides installers for Windows and macOS on their official website. Simply download the installer and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.

Configuration:

Once MariaDB is installed, you'll need to perform some initial configuration steps, such as setting up a root password and securing the installation. This typically involves running a configuration script or accessing the MariaDB command-line interface (CLI).

Creating Databases and Tables:

With MariaDB installed and configured, you can start creating databases and tables to store your data. You can do this using SQL commands or a graphical interface such as phpMyAdmin.

Here's a simple example of creating a database and a table:

CREATE DATABASE my_database;
USE my_database;

CREATE TABLE users (
 id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
 username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
);

This creates a database named my_database and a table named users with columns for id, username, and email.

Performing Basic Queries:

Once you have your database and tables set up, you can start querying your data using SQL. Here are some basic examples of SQL queries:

-Inserting Data:

INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES ('john_doe', '[email protected]');

-Selecting Data:

SELECT * FROM users;

-Updating Data:

UPDATE users SET email = '[email protected]' WHERE username = 'john_doe';

-Deleting Data:

DELETE FROM users WHERE username = 'john_doe';

Conclusion:

MariaDB is an excellent choice for beginners and experienced developers alike who are looking for a powerful, open-source relational database solution. In this guide, we've covered the basics of MariaDB, from installation to performing basic database operations. As you continue to explore MariaDB, you'll discover a wealth of features and capabilities that can help you build robust and scalable applications. So why wait? Dive into MariaDB today and unlock the full potential of relational databases.

Unit testing is a crucial aspect of modern software development, ensuring that individual units of code function correctly in isolation. In PHP, unit testing helps developers identify bugs early in the development cycle, improve code quality, and facilitate code maintenance. In this comprehensive guide, we'll walk you through the process of creating unit tests in PHP, using popular testing frameworks like PHPUnit.

Why Unit Testing?

Unit testing involves testing individual components or units of code in isolation from the rest of the application. Here are some reasons why unit testing is essential:
   
. Bug Detection: Unit tests help identify bugs and regressions early in the development process, making them easier and cheaper to fix.
   
. Code Quality: Writing unit tests encourages developers to write modular, well-structured, and maintainable code.
   
. Improved Documentation: Unit tests serve as executable documentation, providing clear examples of how individual components of your code should behave.

Getting Started with PHPUnit:

PHPUnit is the most widely used testing framework for PHP. It provides a robust set of features for writing and executing unit tests. Let's dive into how you can get started with PHPUnit:

Installation:

You can install PHPUnit using Composer, the PHP package manager. Simply navigate to your project directory and run the following command:

composer require --dev phpunit/phpunit

This command installs PHPUnit as a development dependency in your project.

Writing Your First Test:

Now that PHPUnit is installed, let's create a simple test case. Create a new directory named tests in your project root, and within that directory, create a file named ExampleTest.php. Here's an example of what your test file might look like:

<?php

use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
 public function testTrueAssertsToTrue()
 {
 $this->assertTrue(true);
 }
}

This test case contains a single test method named testTrueAssertsToTrue, which asserts that true is indeed true.

Running Tests:

To run your tests, simply execute PHPUnit from the command line, pointing it to your test directory. Run the following command in your project root:

vendor/bin/phpunit tests

PHPUnit will discover and execute all test cases within the specified directory, providing detailed feedback on the results.

Writing Testable Code:

Writing testable code is essential for effective unit testing. Here are some best practices to follow:
   
. Separation of Concerns: Ensure that your code follows the principle of separation of concerns, with clear boundaries between different components.
   
. Dependency Injection: Use dependency injection to inject dependencies into your classes, making it easier to replace them with mock objects during testing.
   
. Mocking and Stubbing: Use PHPUnit's mocking and stubbing features to simulate the behavior of dependencies and isolate the code under test.

Advanced Features:

PHPUnit provides a wide range of advanced features for writing comprehensive unit tests. Some notable features include:

-Data Providers: Use data providers to run a test method with multiple sets of data.

-Annotations: PHPUnit supports annotations for marking test methods, setting up fixtures, and configuring test execution.

-Code Coverage: PHPUnit can generate code coverage reports, showing which parts of your codebase are covered by your tests.

Conclusion:

Unit testing is an indispensable practice in modern PHP development, and PHPUnit makes it easy to write and execute unit tests for your codebase. In this guide, we've covered the basics of getting started with PHPUnit, writing testable code, and leveraging advanced features to write comprehensive unit tests. By incorporating unit testing into your development workflow, you can improve code quality, reduce bugs, and build more robust and maintainable PHP applications.